ABSTRACT
Fisheries as well as long distance and overseas transport of goods and people have been key economic sectors for coastal nations for several centuries, even millennia. More recently, economic activities at sea have expanded exponentially, not only in these two sectors but in a broad range of economic domains, including mining of sand and gravel; exploitation of oil, gas, and other natural resources; energy production through offshore wind arrays and other forms of so-called ocean energy; tourism; and coastal or sea-based aquaculture (mariculture) (e.g., Young et al. 2007). It is widely acknowledged that the seas and oceans are currently at environmental risk through the (cumulative) effects of these-and numerous land-based-economic expansions (Crowder and Norse 2008; Halpern et al. 2008; Worm et al. 2006). With these competing claims and increasing pressure on the marine ecosystem,
CONTENTS
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 125 6.2 Environmental Governance through Information ............................... 127
6.2.1 Informational Governance ........................................................... 127 6.2.2 Challenges of Informational Governance .................................. 129 6.2.3 Assessing Informational Governance in Marine
Management ..............................................................................130 6.3 Certifications and Seafood Guides in Sustainable Fisheries ............... 131 6.4 Governing through Voluntary Shipping Standards ............................. 137 6.5 Governing Coastal and Marine Tourism ............................................... 140 6.6 Comparing Informational Governance Arrangements between
Sectors .......................................................................................................... 143 6.7 Epilogue: Ecosystem-Based Governance through Information? ........ 145 References ............................................................................................................. 147
environmental issues and nature protection moved up the public and political agendas of nation-states, international organizations, civil society, and lately even economic actors (e.g., World Ocean Council 2014a,b).
