ABSTRACT
Abstract: Positioning technologies are becoming ubiquitous and are being used more and more frequently for supporting a large variety of applications. For outdoor applications, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), such as the global positioning system (GPS), are the most common and popular choice because of their wide coverage. GPS is also augmented with network-based systems that exploit existing wireless and mobile networks for providing positioning functions where GPS is not available or to save energy in battery-powered devices. Indoors, GNSSs are not a viable solution,
CONTENTS
5.1 Positioning in Underground Tunnels and Similar Environments ....... 82 5.2 Sensors and Techniques for Positioning and Tracking ..........................84 5.3 Localization and the LHC Tunnel ............................................................. 87
5.3.1 The LHC Characteristics ................................................................. 87 5.3.2 Applications of Localization for Radiation Protection ............... 89
5.4 The Technologies Developed for the LHC Tunnel .................................. 91 5.4.1 RSSI Fingerprinting over Leaky Coaxial Cable ........................... 91 5.4.2 Experiments ...................................................................................... 92
5.4.2.1 RSSI Profile ......................................................................... 92 5.4.2.2 Performance of RSSI Fingerprinting .............................. 93
5.4.3 Results ............................................................................................... 95 5.4.3.1 Profile of GSM RSSI over Leaky-Feeder......................... 95 5.4.3.2 Evaluation of Location Accuracy .................................... 97
5.5 Conclusions and Open Challenges ......................................................... 103 References ............................................................................................................. 104
but many applications require very accurate, fast, and flexible positioning, tracking, and navigation functions. These and other requirements have stimulated research activities, in both industry and academia, where a variety of fundamental principles, techniques, and sensors are being integrated to provide positioning functions to many applications.
