ABSTRACT

The diseases caused by bacteria or viruses are major public health concerns. A lot of fatal infections are associated with several pathogens or viruses, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Brucella, and Legionella, and noroviruses (NoV), rotaviruses, (RoV), hepatitis A (HAV) E (HEV) viruses-well-known members of bacteria and viruses. Due to the living environment of viruses, they need specic host cells to grow and replicate [1]. Thus, many different recognition and screening platforms of viruses have been progressed including biosensors (shown in Scheme 24.1) for monitoring of bacteria and viruses to maintain public health safety.