ABSTRACT

Nanomaterials are an attractive class of modern materials that have created a high interest in recent years by virtue of their noble properties superior to that of their constitutive counterparts. This is mainly due to small dimensions consequently leading to large fractions of surface atoms, high surface energy, spatial confinement, and reduced imperfections in nanoscale materials, which do not exist in the corresponding bulk materials since most microstructured materials have properties similar to the corresponding bulk material, while the properties of materials with nanometer dimensions are in between those of atoms and the bulk material.